Language and Culture in an Immigrant Society :: Cultural Identity Essays

The teacher of my phonetics human sciences course this year, ventured up to the platform on the main day of class, and astonished all of us with his emotions in regards to language. He started by revealing to us that he spends significant time in human wretchedness, maybe implying language is a wellspring of hopelessness. Dr. Tune is a Korean migrant and the hints of his own language repels him. Experiencing childhood in current society America has caused him to recoil at the sound of his local tongue. It is this equivalent local language of Korean that my teacher falls once more into when he is made anxious by an English talking individual inclining in nearer to him and squinting up his face expecting not to comprehend what will come out of his mouth before he even opens it. It seems as though the dissatisfaction and eagerness he has gone up against in individuals has cultivated a disdain for the piece of him that is remote.   Michael Agar, a main scholar on present day semantics, has proposed a purpose behind this relapse. In taking a gander at the subtle thought of culture we see that the substance is ever evolving. It is a ceaseless procedure one that Agar says isn't something those individuals make them something; that transpires. My teacher utilized a case of two sorts of drivers to show the various responses to the confusions that emerge with culture. These two drivers will be known as the first and second driver. The principal driver epitomizes the main sort and the second, the great driver. He utilizes the circumstance of traffic blockage to place these sorts into point of view. Envision a driver during traffic blockage. The main sort will say to himself, The framework is causing this bother, since it is consistently similar to this. To a main kind, it is this changeless truth that is the reason for any obstructions. This reality can be applied to nearly anything in a general public where we are en circled by reproducible pictures and encounters, which awards authorization to utilize generalizations. The issue (the traffic clog) is brought about by a thing out there and is generalized.   Be that as it may, there is a subsequent driver, the great driver. This driver doesn't generalize the circumstance and utilize the acknowledged truth.

The Paradox of Discovery in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frank

The Paradox of Discovery in Frankenstein   â In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, the idea of revelation is confusing: beginning disclosure is happy and guiltless, yet finishes in hopelessness and debasement. The desire of both Walton and Frankenstein (to investigate new grounds and to illuminate the obscure, separately) are framed with the noblest of goals yet a deadly negligence for the sacredness of common limits. Despite the fact that the possibility of revelation stays romanticized, human unsteadiness totally adulterates all quest for that perfect. The defilement of disclosure matches the debasement innate in each human life, in that a youngster starts as an unadulterated and impeccable animal, loaded with amazement, yet solidifies into a self-assimilated, getting a handle on, excessively driven grown-up. Just by novel's end does Walton perceive that he should relinquish his own aspiration (the mapping of beforehand unfamiliar land), out of worry for the valuable existences of his group.  The initial two events of disclosure happen very right off the bat in the novel, in Walton's first letter to his sister. He looks at his emotions on the campaign to a kid's bliss (14). Walton helps her to remember his uncle's enormous library of revelation writing (stories of sailors and globe-trotters), all of which he ate up as a kid. He composes of his failure when his dad disallowed him, on his deathbed, to set out in a nautical life (14). Walton later discloses to Frankenstein that his team is on a journey of revelation; it just at the notice of this word Frankenstein consents to board the boat (24).  Once ready, Frankenstein describes his history. Frankenstein, as well, was controlled by an energetic obsession: the craving to get logical information, and to make an indestructible... ...ich might be portrayed as an edgy dependence on discoveryâ is a fine idea yet a perilous practice. Man's characteristic blemishes spoil any claimed philanthropic objective; all endeavors at disclosure are at last uncovered to be degenerate, narrow minded, and illegitimate.  Works Cited and Consulted: Streams, Peter. 'Exceptional Science/Unhallowed Arts': Language, Nature,and Monstrosity. The Endurance of Frankenstein. Ed. George Levine. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Ed. Candace Ward. New York, Dover, 1994. Sparkle, Muriel. Mary Shelley. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1987. Stevenson, Leslie. The Study of Human Nature: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Walling, William A. Mary Shelley. New York: Twayne, 1972. Wolff, Robert P. About Philosophy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.  Â

Book Riots Deals of the Day for December 13th, 2019

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for December 13th, 2019 Sponsored by Read Harder Journal, a reading log brought to you by Book Riot. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals The Unlikely Escape of Uriah Heep by H. G. Parry for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Something in the Water by Catherine Steadman for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind by Michio Kaku for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Priory of the Orange Tree by Samantha Shannon for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals What Doesnt Kill You Makes You Blacker: A Memoir in Essays by Damon Young for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Rage of Dragons by Evan Winter for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre hot!): Ten Women by Marcela Serrano, translated by Beth Fowler for $3.99 Empire of Sand by Tasha Suri for $4.99 Queen of the Conquered by Kacen Callender for $2.99 Internment by Samira Ahmed for $3.49 Blackfish City by Sam J. Miller for $1.99 Travels by Michael Crichton for $1.99 A Prince on Paper by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Invasive by Chuck Wendig for $1.99 Marlena by  Julie Buntin for $1.99. The Dragon Republic by R.F. Kuang for $2.99 Slayer by Kiersten White for $1.99 Chasing Down a Dream by Beverly Jenkins for $2.99 The Field Guide to the North American Teenager by Ben Philippe for $1.99 The Ten Thousand Doors of January by Alix E. Harrow for $2.99 I Believe in a Thing Called Love by Maurene Goo for $2.99 Im Telling the Truth, but Im Lying by Bassey Ikpi for $2.99 Upstream: Selected Essays by Mary Oliver for $4.99 Vita Nostra by Marina and Sergey Dyachenko, translated by Julia Meitov Hersey for $1.99 Opposite of Always by Justin A. Reynolds for $1.99 All About Love: New Visions by bell hooks for $1.99 How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe by Charles Yu for $2.99 News of the World by Paulette Jiles for $2.99 A Woman is No Man by Etaf Rum for $2.99 Dont Call Us Dead by Danez Smith for $2.99 Wild Beauty by Anna-Marie McLemore for $2.99 The Gilded Wolves by Roshani Chokshi for $2.99 Florida by Lauren Groff for $4.99 Fatality in F (A Gethsemane Brown Mystery Book 4) by Alexia Gordon for $4.99 Reckless by Selena Montgomery for $3.99 Fruit of the Drunken Tree by Ingrid Rojas Contreras for $4.99 Black Water Rising by Attica Locke for $1.99 The Bone Witch  by Rin Chupeco for $0.99 Revelation Space by Alastair Reynolds for $2.99 The Ensemble: A Novel by Aja Gabel for $4.99 Cant Escape Love by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Brown Girl in the Ring by Nalo Hopkinson for $5.99 Ark by Veronica Roth for $1.99 Ten Women by Marcela Serrano for $3.99 Flights by Olga Tokarczuk for $4.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Ormeshadow by Priya Sharma for $3.99 Sisters of the Vast Black by Lina Rather for $3.99 Prophecy  by Ellen Oh for $2.99 Along for the Ride  by Mimi Grace for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Essay Arguing the Opposition of Censorship - 867 Words

Arguing the opposition of Censorship For centuries, government nations and society have been withholding certain pieces of information from the public to ensure safety and prevent catastrophic out bursts; this detainment of public knowledge is called censoring. Censorship started in the early twentieth century, when profane literature began to surface in the wake of World War I; ever since then its been a normal part of all society. Without the use of censorship and the methods used to sustain information, society would evolve and erupt into complete and utter chaos. What is censorship? Censorship is what the government calls â€Å"Official supervision and control† of information shared amongst people within a set society. Banned books,†¦show more content†¦The freedom of information should only be granted if it serves a beneficial purpose (Censorship and Freedom). Censorship laws are also put into place to protect the nation against leaked confidential information. In recent years people such as Edward Snowden and U.S. Army Private First Class Bradley Manning, have been arrested by authorities on the impression that these individuals were responsible for supplying WikiLeaks- a popular website founded by Julian Assange- thousands of classified United States documentary. These leaks brought upon by Manning and Snowden, have caused global uproar and exposed a plethora of cases in the U.S. Making both men traitors to the nation. Government officials who may leak private, classified documentation, regardless of the cause or reason, are legally inclined to consequence and prosecution for breaking their sworn oaths of secrecy. Any individual soliciting or publishing leaked information is inclined to punishment. (Censorship and Freedom). Ever wonder why all the television programs, internet sites, movies and music- audio or video- everyone is so enveloped in has those rating tags, blocked out content, bleeped out words or explicit content labels? Well, thats all a form of censorship. Censorship for movies and television programming regulated effortlessly, as the visual media were approved to have deepShow MoreRelatedHip-Hop Culture Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesis due to the censorship in the music industry. The censorship in hip-hop music is established as artists begin to use some controversial and confrontational words in lyrics. Gangsta rap is the most typical example, which uses language that incites crime and encourages violence. As far as I am concerned, the censorship in music has positive side as well as negative effect. Analyzing difference between censored and uncensored version of â€Å"My Name Is†, we can find that the censorship gets rid of thoseRead MoreSOPA: A Righteous Cause or a Piracy Crusade? Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pagesproviders to restrict the access of foreign websites that are not in accordance with the act. This would essentially make the foreign websites practically nonexistent to all American internet users. As it is common with any topic as controversial as the censorship of the entire internet, it has drawn a lot of big names on both sides of the fence. On one side of the fence are have the people who are for the bill; this includes many big music and movie companies who say that they are losing billions due toRead MoreIn this book, the author Brian Cogan discusses the most controversial television shows in history,1400 Words   |  6 Pagesthe unpleasant realization of the world. Holden believes that the South Park movie puts fear into the conservative society because of the vulgar language and explicit content. Holden maintains that South Park is really about mass entertainment, censorship and freedom of speech. I can use this in my research paper because the author discusses the positives of the crude language in South Park. Stephen Holden has been published for related articles in major newspapers and magazines for over forty yearsRead MoreNatural Law- Rules Discoverable By Reason, Govern Scientific958 Words   |  4 Pagesorganized society. Natural Rights- Rights that belonged to all humans from birth that included right to life, liberty, property. John Locke- Optimistic view of human nature, people were basically reasonable and moral, wrote Two Treatises of Government arguing that people formed governments to protect their natural rights, proposed radical idea that government has obligations to people and their rights. Philosophes- Means philosophers. Montesquieu- Studied governments from variety of places, criticizedRead MoreHow Chinese Policies Helped Strengthen Or Weaken Uyghur Identity?1723 Words   |  7 Pagesovert resistance, and covert resistance. Overt resistance ranges from peaceful protests that can potentially evolve into violent riots and attacks on people and property. Many Uyghur’s tend to advocate for Uyghur to master the Mandarin language, arguing that only through the mandarin language and secular education will the Uyghur’s become better equipped to compete against the Hans. Many Uyghur intellects believe that the Uyghur process must evolve through science and western education. AnthropologicalRead MoreThe Formation Of Solidarity And The Emergence Of The Third Way1450 Words   |  6 PagesFormation of Solidarity and the Emergence of the Third Way, 1980-1982 Ever since Poland became officially incorporated into the Soviet Bloc and the PZPR usurped power within the one-part political system, there were numerous instances of anti-communist opposition that invariably encountered repression and persecution at the hands of the pro-Soviet government. In the context of the present discussion, however, the roots of concerted effort to undermine or reform the state-regulated socialist economy canRead MoreMain Problems Facing Russia in 1894 How Had They Been Dealt with by 19141677 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy was just starting to develop and opposition to the Tsar was building up. Russia was still behind Europe in terms of the political regime, the social conditions and the economy. Nicholas II who was a weak and very influenced by his mother and his wife had to deal with Russia’s troubles during his reign. In order to ascertain how successfully Russia dealt with its problems by 1914, this essay will examine the October Manifesto and the split of the opposition, how the Tsar became more reactionaryRead MorePersuasive Essay On Freedom Of Speech1083 Words   |  5 Pagesplay when we consider the rest of the amendment. There are four main pieces that relate to the people’s ability to portray their ideas: we have the freedom of speech to voice our opinions vocally, the right to publish our ideas without government censorship, the right to assemble under a peaceful pretense and the right to petition for a change in government if we the people are displeased with the current state of affairs. Those are all well and good, but over the years people have surmised ways toRead MoreCreationism vs. Evolution Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesSince the Age of the Enlightenment, the institution of religion has had to contend with the opposition of science regarding the issues of the origins of the world and of the human species. Up until around the end of the 17th century, the church was the authority on how the world and everything in it had come to be. However, with the great intellectual revolution came thinkers such as Galileo, Copernicus, Bacon, Descartes, and many others who challenged the biblical assumptions with empiricallyRead MoreFour Theories of the Press1514 Words   |  7 Pagesdictatorship (Whiz Mass Comm, 2011). The libertarian theory came up in opposition to the authoritarian theory where they justify their power as a means to protect and preserve a divinely ordained social order. In most countries that practice this system, leaders would grant charters or licenses to media practitioners who could be jailed if ever they violate charters and their charters or licenses could be revoked. Ergo, all types of censorship were easily possible. Although this theory may seem very strict

How The Constitution Balance The Needs Of The Individual

How well does the Constitution balance the needs of the individual with the needs for an orderly society? The United States Constitution has been in place for more than 200 years. It provides both the rights for the people and the rules for the government. Our founding fathers made it so that the government does not have total control over the people, and vice versa, the people’s rights do not overpower the government. The constitution basically balances the rights and the rules evenly, but there are conflicts with having a balanced society. One thing that one might say about an American is how â€Å"free† they are. The people of America have the Bill of Rights to thank for that. The First Amendment in the Bill of Rights states that the†¦show more content†¦That was the good side of it, but on the downside, since everyone equally expresses their own personal opinions on matters, there could be some conflict. For instance, just recently there has been some debate in South Carolina about the confederate flag. In South Carolina, they had the confederate flag raised at monuments. Some people said that the flag symbolizes the support for racism, while others say that the flag shows the state s heritage. Under the first amendment, it is perfectly legal to raise and support the confederate flag even though it supports the idea of slavery. The flag was eventually taken down from the monument after the state legislature ordered its removal (Ellis). Another thing about the freedom of speech is since there is no censorship, people of the United States are allowed to view any website. Which is nice because it allows citizens to look up, upload, and stream whatever they want, unfortunately this leaves things open for predators and allows easy access to porn sites and places to buy drugs. If there was censorship, then we wouldn’t have to worry about these things, but we wouldn’t be able to have the same privilege to go to any website as before. It would basically be like how some websites are blocked on school computers even if the students we not looking up anything inappropriate. It balances out the pros and cons, but it is a little more lenient on the side of the individuals.

Positive Psychology †a Well Lived Life Free Essays

What constitutes a well-lived life? Defining the meaning of life and the conditions, traits and features of a well-lived life is a question that throughout history engrossed theologians, philosophers, artists and, more recently, positive psychologists. This essay outlines findings from a selection of the literature and research to answer this question with the aim of identifying whether happiness is the true sign and the ultimate goal and marker of a well-lived life. This review of the literature has yielded findings that possessing a disposition towards gratitude is not only indicated to be present in a well-lived life, but can enhance and improve mental, physical and spiritual life outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Psychology – a Well Lived Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now The different research models used to explain, measure and identify the markers of a well-lived life are briefly outlined, and finally further research directions are indicated to expand understanding about how gratitude affects life satisfaction outcomes in specific populations. A challenge in researching this topic is that the literature describes happiness and well-lived in terms that are used by different researchers interchangeably and inconsistently. In this essay and in accordance with the literature reviewed, the terms happiness and the well-lived life are used synonymously. Definitions A problem with defining a well-lived life is that the terms well-being and happiness (Frey, 2011; Kristjansson, 2010), and the good life and happiness (Dunn Brody, 2008) are used by researchers interchangeably. Indeed Diener (2000) notes that the very term well-being has come to be known in common usage as happiness. Seligman (2011, pp 420) notes that sometimes the terms happiness and well-being define emotions whilst at other times refer to activities. This ambiguous terminology has caused some to criticize Positive Psychology but, as both Lazarus (2003) and Kristjansson (2010) point out, precise definitions to describe a well-lived life have also eluded philosophers and other academics for over 2,000 years. Imprecision of terminology aside, many have attempted to describe the conditions required to nurture a good or well-lived life. Some researchers have described the good life as one full of the hedonistic pursuit of frequent positive experiences (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, Schkade, 2005). Others have described it in terms of the result of employing unique talents to achieve abundance (Seligman, 2002), whilst still others have argued that the good life involves personal growth (Bauer, McAdams, Sakaeda, 2005). Seligman (2002) argues that these descriptions are all valid because there are different pathways to happiness, although it is by combining them that one lives a full or well-lived life. He describes these pathways as the pleasant life, concerned with hedonistic pursuits, the good life, concerned with gratification of desire and the meaningful life, using ones talent to serve a higher purpose (Seligman Royzman, 2003). Research Findings And Challenges Early studies involved in identifying precisely what elements contribute to life satisfaction involved field research with participant self-reported satisfaction ratings recorded against a range of factors (Diener, 2000; Lazarus, 2003; Lyubomirsky et al. , 2005). Self reported satisfaction ratings are problematic because they are, as noted by Kristjansson (2010), by their very nature subjective. People in difficult situations can report themselves as living a good life, whereas people who are in happier circumstances can report themselves as having low life satisfaction. Additionally the factors used to measure life satisfaction are problematic because what some would consider critical to a well-lived life may be anathema to another (Bauer et al. , 2005) or not supported by the participants culture (Diener, 2000; Peterson, Ruch, Beermann, Park Seligman, 2007). Further research is indicated to firstly identify what factors are actually desired in a good life, rather than simply measuring and reporting happiness levels (Kristjansson, 2010). Diener’s (2000) and Peterson et al. 2007) findings appear to support Kristjansson’s suggestion (2010). Both research studies identified significant cross country differences not only in the rates of life satisfaction but also the factors rated as important to life satisfaction. The findings appear to indicate that individualistic cultures, or those that place high value on individual choice and desires, and collectivist cultures, where the needs of group are paramount, prioritise factors contributing to life satisfaction differently (Diener, 2000). By way of example, Diener (2000) notes that participants from collectivist cultures may sacrifice personal desires for the common good, and this is not a normative feature of individualistic cultures. Diener further notes that sacrifice in collectivist cultures may, in fact, benefit the individual by providing them with the knowledge they are performing their duty. The concept of personal sacrifice as a factor affecting life satisfaction does not appear to be studied in the literature reviewed for this essay. Despite the significance of the findings in both studies, the researchers note a limitation of their design is that is that they relied upon self-selected participants who were motivated enough to complete the survey (Diener, 2000; Peterson et al. , 2007). This may have resulted in bias. Conclusions concerning differences in cross cultural impacts upon life satisfaction levels and factors are not unanimous. A study conducted by Linley, Joseph, Harrington and Wood (2006) found no significant difference in life satisfaction ratings or factors amongst participants from different cultures, ages or gender. A limitation of this research however, as noted by the authors, is that the study only included a small number of countries with participants who could speak and respond in English (Linley et al. , 2006). It may well be that the participants who responded to the survey were Westernised. Linley et al. (2006) indicate that the study should be repeated using a multi-lingual questionnaire so that participants are drawn from a wider sample. The Social Component of a Well Lived Life Examining the literature outlining models related to a well-lived life yields important clues towards determining the ultimate signs of a well lived life. The three pathways model of a full life which includes the pleasant life of hedonistic pursuits, the good life full of desire gratification and the meaningful life (Seligman Royzman, 2003), has been criticized because the model could be applied to the non ethical, such as drug dealers, as well as those engaged in more ethical activities alike (Kristjansson, 2010). Seligman (2000) noted this as a possibility but argues this is not problematic because science is not concerned with morality. Morality aside, anti-social activities do not necessarily promote relationships and research indicates that a well lived life does indeed involve actions that promote positive social relationships (Bauer et al. , 2005; McCullough, Kimeldorf Cohen, 2008; Peterson et al. , 2007). One way that Kristjansson (2010) suggests that the thorny issue of morality and psychology could be overcome is by applying values to define those behaviours that fall outside of societal norms, although this may result in other issues if these norms are restrictive. Although Kristjansson is not a psychologist, the idea that a well-lived life should involve societal norms does seem to be supported by Diener (2000) who suggests that societal pressures do have some bearing upon individual life satisfaction reporting. Building on the concept that a life satisfaction includes a social component, Bauer et al. (2005) argue that a well lived life includes social experiences and the ability to ascribe those experiences to a positive meaning. They go on to explain that in psychological terms this translates to having a balance between social interactions and having positive feelings about them (Bauer et al. 2005). These findings imply that there is indeed a social element to a life well lived which is supported by further research. Peterson et al. (2007) found that the sociable character traits such as gratitude have strong effects upon life satisfaction. Indeed Peterson et al. (2007) note that social character traits such as gratitude are more strongly c orrelated with life satisfaction than the three pathways to happiness (Seligman Royzman, 2003, pp 153). Gratitude As with a well-lived life, gratitude is not easily defined (Wood, Froh Geraghty, 2010). Although gratitude is variously described as an emotion, a trait and an action, nevertheless the literature indicates that a grateful disposition tends to be positively associated with happiness and a well-lived life (McCullough, Emmons Tsang, 2002; McCullough et al. , 2008; Wood, Joseph Maltby, 2008). Typically, gratitude is described as a response that occurs after the receipt of something perceived as positive due to the prosocial actions of another (Emmons McCullough, 2003). Aware of the limitations of previous field research, Emmons and McCullough (2003) attempted to apply a study design that randomly assigned participants to different treatment conditions. They found a difference in mean well being scores across gratitude treatment groups from the comparison group, although less than expected, concluding that gratitude tended to increase psychological, social and spiritual well-being. One of the limitations noted in the study design (Emmons McCullough, 2003), however, was that the study period was only three weeks long which ay not have been long enough to identify changes in responses. This limitation has been commented upon by others (Lazarus, 2003). Indeed, Lazarus (2003) notes in particular that the lack of longitudinal studies in Positive Psychology studies concerning life satisfaction makes it difficult to identify causation and track precisely how different circumstances affect individuals, whatever the factors that contribute to a well lived l ife. Kristjansson (2010) notes that this is not a problem unique to studies of well-lived lives. Wood et al. 2010) noted that the definition of gratitude used in the Emmons and McCullough (2003) study did not include all of the things participants reported gratitude for that did not include a benefactor. He proposed that gratitude includes an eight level hierarchical life orientation including in ascending order; noticing and appreciating life could be worse, life is short, the present moment, engaging in ritual acts of thankfulness, admiring beauty, focusing on what one has, appreciating other people and reflecting upon what one has to be thankful for (Wood, et al. 2010). Using this expanded definition, Wood, linked gratitude to the Big Five traits, used to broadly describe human personality (Watson, Clark, Harkness, 1994) and that people who are grateful tend to be more agreeable, sociable, less neurotic, conscientious and extroverted. Commenting upon the benefits of gratitude, L yubomirsky et al. (2005) note that an attitude of gratitude appears to be incompatible with negative life feelings such as greed and envy. They note that appears to encourage individuals to reflect on experiences and social relationships in a positive way. It has also been suggested that gratitude appears to protect individuals from depression (Wood et al. , 2010) and support recovery from injury (Dunn Brody, 2008). Possible Future Research Directions The literature indicates several interesting areas for future research. The first, based on observations by Wood et al. (2010) is that there have been only a few studies studying the direct relationship between gratitude and happiness. Given the lack of longitudinal research to date as noted by Lazarus (2003) and alluded to by Emmons and McCullough (2003), it may well be promising to conduct intra-individual longitudinal research of the impact of gratitude on an individual’s perception of happiness when experiencing the normal stressors of daily living (Lazarus, 2003). It may also be useful to apply a longitudinal study to examine if the things that make one grateful change across cultures, ages and genders (Diener, 2000; Linley et al. , 2006; Peterson et al. 2007) although it would be highly recommended to avoid using self-selected participants in the study. Conclusion Defining a life well-lived and the factors associated with it is a problem that has defied easy explanation for philosophers and other academics across the ages. Much of the previous research has involved recording self-reporting by participants. Given this and the fact that the very nature of happiness and a life well lived is a subjective e xperience, it has been argued that a propensity for gratitude impacts on an individual’s ability to view their lives in a positive way, despite individual circumstances. It has also been argued that an attitude of gratefulness has several physical and mental benefits for the individual, although these studies have not yet examined precisely if the factors that make an individual grateful change across cultures and genders. Further research is indicated in this fascinating area, possibly using longitudinal studies to explore how gratitude enables individuals to view adverse circumstances differently over time. References Bauer, J. J. , McAdams, D. P. , Sakaeda, A. R. (2005). Interpreting the Good Life: Growth Memories in the Lives of Mature, Happy People. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 88, 203-217. doi:10. 1037/0022-3514. 88. 1. 203 Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. Dunn, D. S. , Brody, C. (2008). Defining the good life following acquired physical disability. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(4), 413-425. doi:10. 1037/a0013749 Emmons, R. A. , McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 84, 377-389. oi:10. 1037/0022-3514. 84. 2. 377 Kristjansson, K. (2010). Positive psychology, happiness, and virtue: The troublesome conceptual issues. Review Of General Psychology, 14(4), 296-310. doi:10. 1037/a0020781 Lazarus, R S. (2003). The Lazarus Manifesto For Positive Psychology And Psychology In General. Psychological inquiry, 14(2), 173-189. Linley, P. , Joseph, S. , Harrington, S. , Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. Journal Of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3-16. doi:10. 1080/17439760500372796 Lyubomirsky, S. , Sheldon, K. M. , Schkade, D. 2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review Of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131. doi:10. 1037/1089-2680. 9. 2. 111 McCullough, M. E. , Emmons, R. A. , Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 82(1), 112-127. doi:10. 1037/0022-3514. 82. 1. 112 McCullough, M. E. , Kimeldorf, M. B. , Cohen, A. D. (2008). An Adaptation for Altruism The Social Causes, Social Effects, and Social Evolution of Gratitude. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(4), 281-286. Peterson, C. , Ruch, W. , Beermann, U. , Park, N. , Seligman, M. P. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. Journal Of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 149-156. doi:10. 1080/17439760701228938 Seligman, M. E. P. , Royzman, E. (2003). Happiness: The three traditional theories. Adapted and edited by Paul Quek. Retrieved from http://pq. 2004. tripod. com/happiness_three_traditional_theories. pdf Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Authentic Happiness. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Retrieved July 27, 2012, from Ebook Library. Watson, D. , Clark, L. A. Harkness, A. R. (1994). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1). 18-31. doi:10. 1037/0021-843X. 103. 1. 18 Wood. A. M. , Joseph, S, Maltby, J. (2008) Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(1), pp 49–54 Wood, A. M. , Froh, J. J. , Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010) Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 2010, Vol. 30(7), pp. 890-905. How to cite Positive Psychology – a Well Lived Life, Essay examples

The Libyan Conflict

Table of Contents Introduction Parties in the Libyan Conflict Conclusion Reference List Introduction The Libyan conflict pits the supporters of the Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi, on one side and the anti-Gaddafi forces backed by the international community. It began as peaceful protests that later degenerated into a rebellion after use of excessive force on the protesters by the supporters of the government opposed to the revolution. Both sides of the Libyan conflict struggle to gain control of the country’s leadership.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Libyan Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What began as peaceful protests against the autocratic regime, degenerated into a full-blown conflict that has even attracted involvement from the international community. The perception of the citizens that the regime is oppressive and dictatorial encouraged the mass protests. The pro-government for ces on the other hand are opposed to the perceived involvement of the international community and the Western countries to impose regime change in their country. Parties in the Libyan Conflict The conflict started with low-level protests against the government, which retaliated with violence against its citizens. The protesters gradually gained support even from within the â€Å"pro-Gaddafi community leading to the establishment of the Transition National Council based in Benghazi† (Cimmino, 2011). The main interest of staging the revolt was to topple the oppressive regime and establish a democratic rule. The response of the Libyan leader and his supporters opposed to this revolt involved use of excessive force to quell the violence. However, the protesters have gradually continued to gain support from the citizens and the international community. The international community’s involvement is to protect the civilians and establish a peaceful environment to settle the co nflict. The incompatible goals in this conflict lie in the opposition to Gaddafi’s oppressive rule. The government’s counteroffensive response characterized by heavy use of military weapons and threats by the pro-government forces against the rebels show the government’s determination to remain in power moreover; the government also censored communication media including the social media for fuelling the conflict. The protesters want to end the oppressive and corrupt regime that is accused of infringement of human rights. The conflict was fueled by poor economic theories coupled with corruption and tribalism, which have contributed to low living standards of the citizens despite the country’s rich oil reserves. The conflict underwent an escalatory spiral from a peaceful protest to violent conflict attracting the involvement of the international community (Folger, Poole, Stutman, 1997, p.67). Initially, most Libyans manifested the avoidance cycle, as they feared the conflicts would turn out to be costly. However, after the government’s violent response to protests, many joined forces with the rebels.Advertising Looking for article on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the Lens model, the protesters perceive the Gaddafi’s rule as oppressive and corrupt and ought to be replaced with a democratic leadership (Dana, 2001, p.123). On the other hand, the Gaddafi leadership perceives the protesters as motivated by the West and thus resists any attempt to topple him from power. The conflict spread starting from the Western cities involving Libyan citizens of all cultures and of both gender. Conclusion In a conflict, various parties are influenced to participate by taking sides based on the current perceptions of the issues past or present. The parties involved in a conflict tend to respond based on their perceptions of the situation. In Libya, the co nflict involves the government forces and the anti-government rebels who want to topple the regime based on their perception of the regime as corrupt and oppressive. The Lens model facilitates an objective view to a conflict by both of the involved parties in order to arrive at peaceful agreement. Reference List Cimmino, R. (2011). North Africa Revolution Series: Libya. 30/03/2011. Retrieved from https://oneaggieland-blog.tumblr.com/post/4064234449/north-africa-revolution-series-libya Dana, D. (2001). Strategy of Conflict Resolution. New York: McGraw Hill. Folger, P., Poole, S., Stutman, K. (2001). Working Through Conflict: Strategies for Relationships, Groups, and Organizations. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Press. This article on The Libyan Conflict was written and submitted by user Averi Dunlap to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Origins of the Cold War essays

The Origins of the Cold War essays Up to 1945 the most dominant countries were European, Britain, France and Germany, by the end of the war however this was very different. The retreating German army had destroyed whole areas of towns and industries, and allied bombing had left most of Germany in ruins. The two new superpowers were the USA and the USSR. The USSR was the biggest country and had the biggest army. It was though affected by the war, they had lost 20 million men and the German army had destroyed many buildings and factories. The USA however was very much different they had lost a lot of men but no fighting had taken place in America, their economy was also doing very well. These two countries were far ahead of their rivals and so they were called superpowers. In 1945 it was though clear that Germany was going to lose the war. The allied leaders meet in Yalta in the Ukraine to plan what was to happen to Europe after the defeat of Germany. The three leaders Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin managed to agree to certain key points: The USSR would join the war against Japan after the defeat of Germany. They agreed that Germany would be divided into four zones, British, American, French and Soviet. Churchill pressed for a French zone to be added to the other three to give another anti-Soviet voice to the armies of occupation. Austria was dealt with in the same way. The important city of Berlin was also to be divided up even though it was deep in Soviet territory. While the allies advanced they uncovered the full horrors of the death camps, all three agreed to hunt down those responsible for genocide. They agreed that all liberated countries would be given free elections to choose the government that they wanted. They all agreed to join the newly formed United Nations, UN. Russia had suffered terribly after the war, they had lost 20 million men. Stalin was concerned about the future security of Russia. All three agreed that Eastern Europe sho...

Retirement Benefits of US Supreme Court Justices

Retirement Benefits of US Supreme Court Justices Retiring U.S. Supreme Court justices are entitled to a lifetime pension equal to their highest full salary. In order to qualify for a full pension, retiring justices must have served for a minimum of 10 years provided the sum of the justices age and years of Supreme Court service totals 80. As of 2018, Associate Justices of the Supreme Court earned an annual salary of $255,300, while the Chief Justice was paid $267,000. Supreme Court associate justices who decide to retire at age 70, after 10 years on the job, or at age 65 with 15 years of service is eligible to receive their full highest salary – usually their salary at retirement for the rest of their lives. In return for this lifetime pension, judges who retire in relatively good health with no disabilities are required to remain active in the legal community, performing a minimum specified amount of judicial obligations every year. Why a Lifetime Full Salary? The United States Congress established the retirement for Supreme Court justices at full salary in the Judiciary Act of 1869, the same law that settled the number of justices at nine. Congress felt that since Supreme Court justices, like all federal judges, are well paid and appointed for life; a lifetime pension at full salary would encourage judges to retire rather than attempting to serve during extended periods of poor health and potential senility. Indeed, fear of death and decreased mental capacity are often cited as motivating factors in judges decisions to retire. President Franklin Roosevelt summed Congress reasoning up in his Fireside Chat of March 9, 1937, when he stated, We think it so much in the public interest to maintain a vigorous judiciary that we encourage the retirement of elderly judges by offering them a life pension at full salary. Other Benefits A good salary with an exceptionally good retirement plan is far from the only benefit to being appointed the Supreme Court. Among the others are: Health Care Federal judges are covered by the Federal Employee Health Benefits system. Federal judges are also free to acquire private health and long-term care insurance. Job Security All Supreme Court justices are appointed by the President of the United States, with the approval of the U.S. Senate, for a lifetime term. As specified on Article III, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution, Supreme Court Justices â€Å"shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour,† meaning they can only be removed from the Court if they are impeached by the House of Representatives and removed if convicted in a trial held in the Senate. To date, only one Supreme Court justice has been impeached by the House. Justice Samuel Chase was impeached by the House in 1805 based on charges of allowing political partisanship to influence his decisions. Chase was subsequently acquitted by the Senate. Due to the security of their lifetime terms, Supreme Court justices, unlike any of the other presidentially-appointed, high-level federal bureaucrats, a free to make decisions without fear that doing so will cost them their jobs. Vacation Time and Workload Help How does three months per year off with full salary sound to you? The Supreme Court’s annual term includes a three-month recess, typically from July 1 through September 30. Justices receive the annual recess as vacation, with no judicial obligations and may use the free time as they see fit. When the Supreme Court is in session actively accepting, hearing, and deciding cases, the Justices receive extensive assistance from law clerks that read and prepare detailed summaries for the justices of the massive volume of material sent to the Court by other judges, lower courts, and lawyers. The clerks – whose jobs are highly prized and sought-after, also help the justices write their opinions on cases. Besides the highly technical writing, this job alone requires days of detailed legal research. Prestige, Power, and Fame For American judges and lawyers, there can be no more prestigious role in the legal profession than serving on the Supreme Court. Through their written decisions and statements on landmark cases, they become known worldwide, often with their names becoming household words. In possessing the power to overturn the actions of Congress and the President of the United States through their decisions, Supreme Court justices directly impact American history, as well as the day-to-day lives of the people. For example, landmark Supreme Court decisions like Brown v. Board of Education, which ended racial segregation in public schools or Roe v. Wade, which recognized that the constitutional right to privacy extends to a woman’s right to have an abortion, will continue to affect American society for decades.

Church and Baroque Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Church and Baroque Art - Essay Example Baroque is an artistic word commonly used in the 17th century describing the art movement, which occurred in the 15th and 16th century. Baroque artwork mainly focused on classism and romanticism. This style of artwork originated in Italy then moved to Europe during the period of protestant reformation and religious upheaval. At that time, money and power was common in Europe; thus, influencing baroque. These resources elaborated and created social standing of prominent luminaries in Europe. Baroque artist specialized in oil painting, sculpture, architecture and music. The main theme of the baroque period was Catholic Church because it supported, permitted and encouraged artistic works that depicted religious imagery. Before the religious upheaval of the 16th century spread across Western Europe, both music and art was common among the churches. However, religious upheaval of the 16th century had numerous impacts on the arts of the sixteenth and seventeenth century. This is because, d uring the Middle Ages, Christian art in Europe flourished. During the period, artworks dominated the churches making the popes to become the patrons of both art and architecture. After the 16th century religious upheaval, the Catholic popes continued to embrace art by encouraging most catholic churches around the world to imitate art forms. However, the protestant churches did not advocate for the cathedral buildings because they did not require huge structures for their simple religious purposes.

Critical thinking essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical thinking 2 - Essay Example While water scarcity has always been a source of concern around the world, it had never got so much attention from the governments. But today, economies have begun preparing themselves for a water crisis and the Middle East which is one of the most poorly endowed regions in terms of water is faced with formidable task of providing clean and safe drinking water to its growing populations. What is challenging about the water scenario in the Middle East is the power it holds on economies and governments. In fact, countries here are divided and ranked on the basis of those who can manage to pay for access to or the creation of new sources of water and those who do not have the pecuniary prowess to do so. Conflict here is invoked not because water is not accessible but because it is not equally accessible. Water is extremely important for human survival but given its inequitable distribution in the Middle East, there is a mad scramble by governments to control and possess whatever they can get their hands on. For example, in the Upper Nile Basin, the Ethiopian government planned to build dams to secure its water supply for irrigation which was strongly opposed by the Sudanese and Egyptian governments because once a dam is constructed on a river it not only reduces the flow of water to downstream users but can also cause harm by affecting soil and water qualities downstream. Similarly, in the Euphrates Basin, the Southeast Anatolia Development Project (Dam) is causing much tension by benefiting Turkey but exhausting the water supply to Syria and Iraq and polluting the soil there. Conflict over water is not just about possession, it also has a lot to do with the modifications to the quality and quantity of the resource. Like Abu Saeed of Jiftlick Popular Committee points out in the Documentary, Jordan Valley Blues, â€Å"The Israeli side has done a good job stealing water by drilling deep into the aquifers specifically in many

History For Aircraft Investigation Aviation

History For Aircraft Investigation Aviation Flying is generally a safe and fast method of transportation, but accidents always happen whether through human error, mechanical failure, or criminal activity. Over the last two decades, there have been many fatal aircraft accidents per year worldwide. These, and lesser accidents, have to be investigated scientifically in order to gain important lessons about aircraft performance and safety. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requires that a civil aircraft accident be investigated by an independent body belonging to the country where the accident took place. Each country has its own organization taking responsibility for this: in the United States, it is theNational Transportation Safety Board(NTSB); in the United Kingdom, it is the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) and in Malaysia it is the Department of Civil Aviation. The purpose of the investigation is to find out why the accident happened and how similar events might be avoided in the future, rather than to apportion blame. The police will be involved in the investigation if sabotage or some other form of criminal activity is suspected, and the military generally looks into accidents involving service aircraft. My research is about the air disaster investigation procedure for Malaysia on the matter of the procedure step, incident statistic, comparison between the Malaysian investigation procedures with other region. History for aircraft investigation The procedures for air accident investigations were first laid down in 1928 by the US National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. They required air accident investigators to consider the immediate and underlying factors of an accident in order to establish and apportion blame for its occurrence. A credit system was put in place that weighted causal factors according to their overall culpability for example, an accident could be regarded 70% the result of pilot error and 30% the result of environmental factors.( New Zealand Air Line Pilots Association, 2009) In 1944 the Chicago Convention drafted a set of procedures and processes to govern the burgeoning international civil aviation industry. Included in these procedures were rules concerning the responsibilities of contracting states in the event of an aviation accident on their soil. These standards and recommended practices were developed by the Accident Investigation Division between February 1946 and February 1947, and were later designated as Annex 13 of the convention. The convention allowed states to generate their own rules for accident investigation, so as long as the core practices of Annex 13 were incorporated and investigative practices aligned with ICAO Doc 9620, the Manual of Aircraft Accident Investigation.( New Zealand Air Line Pilots Association, 2009) The primary focus of Annex 13 differed from that of the US National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in 1928: it was no longer to find fault and apportion blame for an aircraft accident, but to provide a mechanism by which participants in the industry pilots, aircraft manufacturers and regulatory agencies could learn from their mistakes.( New Zealand Air Line Pilots Association, 2009) Accident Trend In recent years, progress and development in science and technology have made dramatic contributions to human society. However, these same development have given rise to many new type of dangers, and a massive increase in loses that would have been in conceivable in the past. (Masako Miyagi, 2005) This trend is by no means an indication of carelessness on the part of the individuals involved: rather, it could be considered an indication that the methods used to implement traditional safety measures in the past have reached a limit of effectiveness. This is because the most basic safety measures taken in the past were limited to reprimands and punishments targeting the person responsible for the accidents, and improvements to mechanical aspects stemming from the result of accident investigations. Such accident investigations placed an emphasis on technical analysis of events in accidents that had already occurred, and for this reason there is no question that they contributed to a sharing of important information regarding the mechanical aspects of these accidents, that this information was put to use in making improvements, and that significant results were archived through this process. (Masako Miyagi, 2005) Human beings are able to develop and increase their abilities to some extent through education and training. The fact remain, however, that it is extremely difficult to obtain the information on human aspects of accidents that would be required to implement such training, because the people most directly involved may have been killed in the accident, or may be reluctant to come forward for fear of being held responsible. There are definitive limitations to approach described above even if all the relevant information in obtained; namely that when studied are made into accident prevention measures based on accident investigations, the investigations can only begin after the accident has occurred. Furthermore, the improvement measure based on accident investigations will only be of value in preventing the re-occurrence of accidents that are identical to those on which the measures were originally based. (Masako Miyagi, 2005) Graf below showed that, by years to years, more accident happen because of human carelessness rather than mechanical failure. By times go by the percentage being increasing. Graft 1.1(Masako Miyagi) Boeing`s statistical summary There are several reliable sources of accident data. One of the most easily accessible accident databases is maintained by Boeing, which publishes an annual Statistical Summary of commercial Jet Airplane Accident. Another good sources document is the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Safety Board Record(Jet), also published annually.( Alexander T.Wells and Clarence C.Rodrigues, 2004) Hull losses were also analyzed according to the phase of flight in which they occurred (Graft 1.2). After the combined approach and lading phases, the next greatest numbers hull-loss accident occurred in the combined phases from landing through initial climb. Cruise, which accounts for about__ of flight time in a 1.5 hour flight, occasioned only 6% of hull-loss accidents.( Alexander T.Wells and Clarence C.Rodrigues, 2005) The summary also considered primary cause factor for commercial operations hull-loss accidents for the period 1990-1999(Graft1.3). For accidents with known causes, flight crew were considered the primary cause in most 67% over the 10 years periods.( Alexander T.Wells and Clarence C.Rodrigues, 2005) Graft 1.2 Phase of flight in hull-loss accident, all aircraft, worldwide commercial jet fleet (1990-1999) (Boieng commercial airplanes Group) Graft 1.3 Primary causes factors (as determined by the investigating authority) in hull-loss accidents, all aircraft, worldwide commercial Jet fleet(1990-1999)(Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group) Chart below showed about accident categorizes by airplane generation for the period 1990-1999 (Table 1.1). Most accidents occurred on landing, with 157 out of 385 for the 10-years period. Interestingly, most landing accident involved current generation aircraft. (Alexander T.Wells and Clarence C.Rodrigues, 2005) Type of incidentGeneration First Second Early Widebody Current total Controlled flight into terrain 5 17 3 11 36 Loss of control 8 7 2 12 30 Midair Collision 1 1 2 In-Flight fire 1 2 1 1 5 Fuel tank explosion 1 1 2 off end on landing 7 17 3 22 49 Off side on Landing 3 20 3 11 37 hard landing 3 15 5 32 55 Landed short 4 9 1 2 16 Gear collapse/fail/up 8 8 2 13 31 Ice/snow 3 3 6 Fuel management/exhaustion 2 4 1 7 Windshear 1 1 1 3 Takeoff configuration 1 1 1 3 Off side on takeoff 1 1 3 3 8 Runway Incursion vehicle/people 5 1 10 16 Wing strike 2 2 Engine Failure/Separation 3 2 4 1 10 Ground collision 2 2 6 10 Ground Crew injury 3 2 2 7 Boarding/deboarding 2 2 4 Turbulance fatality 1 1 1 3 Miscellaneous 1 2 2 3 8 Fire on ground 1 2 3 2 8 aircraft structure 2 2 2 6 Unknown 1 3 3 7 Refused take-off end 3 6 3 2 14 Total 54 134 49 148 385 Table 1.1 Accident categorizes by airplane generation for the period 1990-1999 (Alexander T.Wells and Clarence C.Rodrigues,2005) *Miscellaneous Accidents -Coffee Maker Explosion -Fuel spill -Instrument error -Hypoxia -Jet blast -Pilot incapacitated -Taxied across ditch -Window fail -Tailstrike/RTO -other (Alexander T.Wells and Clarence C.Rodrigues) Graft 1.4 Accident categorizes by airplane generation for the period 1990-1999 (Alexander T.Wells and Clarence C.Rodrigues) Generation Aircraft Type First Comet 4, 707/720,DC-8,CV-880/-990,Caravelle Second 727,trident VC-10,BAC 1-11,DC-9,737-100/200,F-28 Early widebody -100/-200/-300/SP, DC-10,L-1011,A300 Current MD-80,767,757,A310,Bae 146, A300-600, 737-300/-400/-500,F-100,A320/310/321, 747-400,MD-11,A340,MD-90,777,737NG,717 Table 1.2 Aircraft by generation (Alexander T.Wells and Clarence C.Rodrigues) Graft 1.5 Accident Categories by airplane generation, all accidents, worldwide commercial jet operations. (1990-1999).(Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group) 1.2 Problem definition The problem with the current situation is, even thought so many precaution have been make, but air disaster still happen. Is there any way to prevent this disaster to happen? Each country had theirs own investigation team. But after the investigation, still have some aircraft that crash and involve a mass casualty. This research will study about the limitation of the investigation body if there is an air crash or air disasters occur in or outside of the investigation body region. 1.3 Objectives of research The main objectives of this thesis are to make a research upon the investigation procedure and type of accident happen in Malaysia and throughout the world. These are several more objectives of the project: Compare the investigation procedure between America and Malaysia. To understand the concept of how the air disaster investigation procedure. To prove that aircraft investigation can reduce air disaster. Making a survey about the awareness of the investigation procedures. To know the party that involved in board of investigation rules and regulation in Malaysia 1.4 Research scope This thesis will go through the ICAO annex 13, Aircraft Investigation Procedure Manual and MCAR Part 12 to study the exact procedure of the Aircraft Investigation Procedures. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation established the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as a specialized aviation department within the United Nations. ICAO Annex 13 defines and directs requirements forAircraft Accident and Incident Investigationprocedures. As a result most nations or consortium of nations have some form of air regulating body which subsequently contains an investigation division. Unfortunately not all agencies are created equally and national differences exist which influencefactual results in accident investigation. Six areas have been presented as a hindrance to proper investigative techniques in a paper by Dr. Horacio A. Larrosa of the International Society of Air Safety Investigators (ISASI)Accident and Incident procedures in Argentina MO4131. Expertise and Experience Investigative Budgets Political and Religious Influence and Beliefs Nepotism and Cronyism Dedication and Desire National Pride or Prejudice 2.2 Internationally Respected Players 2.2.1 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) The National Transportation Safety Board is an independent federal agency charged with determining the probable cause of transportation accidents and promoting transportation safety, and assisting victims of transportation accidents and their families. The NTSB investigates accidents, conducts safety studies, evaluates the effectiveness of other government agencies programs for preventing transportation accidents, and reviews the appeals of enforcement actions involving aviation and mariner certificates issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), as well as the appeals of civil penalty actions taken by the FAA.(NTSB,2002) To help prevent accidents, the NTSB develops safety recommendations based on our investigations and studies. These are issued to federal, state, and local government agencies and to industry and other organizations in a position to improve transportation safety. Recommendations are the focal point of the NTSBs efforts to improve the safety of the nations transportation system. (NTSB,2002) NTSB Mission: To promote transportation safety by maintaining our congressionally mandated independence and objectivity; conducting objective, precise accident investigations and safety studies; performing fair and objective airman and mariner certification appeals; and advocating and promoting safety recommendation. And to assist victims of transportation accidents and their families. 2.2.2 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) European Aviation Safety Agency has been the cornerstone of the European Unions aviation safety programs for years; however, accident investigation has been the jurisdiction of each individual member state. In 2009 the EU outlinedthe requirementsto establish a â€Å"better and more uniform quality of accident investigations across the EU.† It will establish the rules for accident investigation for all states controlled by a central EU body in the near future. (EASA,2011) The EASA has become the competent Community Aviation Authority for the safety of aviation underBasic Regulation 1592/2002; thus, it may be the recipient of safety recommendations related to the areas of its responsibilities. Furthermore, ICAO Annex 13 provides that the State of Design and the State of Manufacture shall each be entitled to appoint an accredited representative because of the function that have been attributed to each of those States with respect to the airworthiness of aircraft under Annex 8. Therefore, as the EASA is now in charge of the airworthiness, is shall be represented in Safety investigation in order to fulfil its obligation.(EASA,2011) Under both, international and community law, all safety recommendations must be taken into full consideration by the entity to which they are addressed. In addition, in the preamble of theBasic Regulation 1592/2002it is stated that the results of the accident investigations should be acted upon by the EASA, as a matter of urgency in particular when, they relate to defective aircraft design or operational matters. ( EASA,2011) To successfully discharge its responsibilities in this area, the EASA has included in its organ gram an Accident Investigation Section. It is responsible for the follow-up of occurrences where the Safety has been endangered. (EASA,2011) Its main devoted tasks are: To follow the progress of aircraft accidents and incidents investigations, To be represented in investigations and collect information related to occurrences, To achieve the processing of Safety Recommendations addressed to the Agency, To provide progress reports and statistics on the Safety Recommendations processing, To maintain a good coordination with European Accident Investigation Bodies, To identify safety deficiencies and disseminate related information. 2.2.3 The European Three (E3) The European Three are combination of the safety bureau in Europe, there are the Air Accidents Investigation Branch ( AAIB) of England, French Air Accident Investigation Bureau ( BEA France) and Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB Switzerland) are recognized as world leaders in several accident investigation areas. Not only do they aid nations of the EU in investigations but also non EU nations that have accidents involving aircraft manufactured in Europe, European registered aircraft, accidents occurring in any nation that was a colony of one of the EU member states and any nations requesting help. 2.2.4 Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) Australian Transport Safety Bureau has gained a reputation as Oceana and Asias air accident investigating body. They are investigators in most of the small island nations of the South and Central Pacific or whenever requested by other nations. Australias development as a nation through the twentieth century was closely linked to the development of the aviation industry. This industry has helped us overcome vast internal distances and geographical isolation from the rest of the world.(ATSB, 2011) The ATSB is responsible for the independent investigation of accidents and incidents involving civil aircraft in Australia. The ATSBs primary focus for its investigations is fare-paying passenger operations. However, all accidents and incidents related to flight safety in Australia or involving Australian registered aircraft overseas must be reported to the ATSB. While the ATSB does not investigate all of these, it still needs to be notified so that the data can be recorded for possible future safety research and analysis. (ATSB,2011) 2.2.5 Transportation Safety Board of Canada The Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board (TSB) has emerged as the leader in South and Central America. Similar to Australia the small population nation that is home to ICAO, works in close coordination with the larger NTSB in the USA. However, viewed as an alternative to Washington many Latin American nations work directly with Canada out of desire, security or necessity.(TSB, 2010) Summaries Most nations have the required ICAO investigative agencies but the variations between countries are still very strong. The positive factor for international accident investigation is that many investigators within these nations are willing to call upon each other and aid their work. Working together in the vast majority of air accidents, the public has a good chance of obtaining the truth about accidents within their borders. 2.3 Definition: Before going through a little further, these are some definition that being use in the investigation for any accident or incident that happen. All definition are taken from ICAO , 2001, Annex 13, MCAR part 12 and NTSB 2002, Aircraft accident Investigation Manual. 2.3.1 Aircraft Accident An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of being in the aircraft or direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become detached from the aircraft, or direct exposure to jet blast. The aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which is adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft, or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible. 2.3.2 Aircraft Incident An occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation. Serious incident An incident involving circumstances indicating that an accident nearly occurred. 2.3.3 Investigation A process conducted for the purpose of accident prevention which includes the gathering and analysis of information, the drawing of conclusions, including the determination of causes and, when appropriate, the making of safety recommendations. 2.3.4 Investigator in charge A person charged, on the basis of his or her qualifications, with the responsibility for the organization, conduct and control of an investigation. 2.3.5 Chief Inspector The Chief inspector of Air Accidents and includes any deputy chief inspector; 2.3.6 Inspector Aperson appointed as an Inspector of Air Accidents 2.3.7 Field Investigation An investigation which is not intended to be the subject of a report by an Inspector to the Minister. 2.3.8 Formal Investigation An investigation which is intended tobe the subject of a report by an Inspector to the Minister. 2.3.9 Serious Injury An injury which is sustained by a person in a reportable accident and which: Requires his stay in hospital for more than forty-eight hours commencing within seven days from the date on which the injury is received results in a fracture of any bone except simple fractures of fingers, toes or nose. involves lacerations which cause severe nerve, muscle or tendon damage involves injury to any internal organ; or involves second or third degree burns or any burns affecting more than five per centum of the surface of the body. 2.3.10 Aircraft. Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earths surface. 2.3.11 Causes. Actions, omissions, events, conditions, or a combination thereof, which led to the accident or incident. 2.3.12 Flight recorder. Any type of recorder installed in the aircraft for the purpose of complementing accident/incident investigation. 2.3.13 Maximum mass. Maximum certificated take-off mass. 2.3.14 Operator. A person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft operation 2.3.15 Preliminary Report. The communication used for the prompt dissemination of data obtained during the early stages of the investigation. 2.3.16 Safety recommendation. A proposal of the accident investigation authority of the State conducting the investigation, based on information derived from the investigation, made with the intention of preventing accidents or incidents. 2.3.17 State of Design. The State having jurisdiction over the organization responsible for the type design 2.3.18 State of Manufacture. The State having jurisdiction over the organization responsible for the final assembly of the aircraft 2.3.19 State of Occurrence. The State in the territory of which an accident or incident occurs. 2.3.20 State of the Operator. The State in which the operators principal place of business is located or, if there is no such place of business, the operators permanent residence. 2.3.21 State of Registry. The State on whose register the aircraft is entered. 2.4 Investigation Responsibility for Instituting and Conducting the investigation.( ICAO , 2001) 2.4.1 Accidents or incidents in the territory of a contracting state. State of Occurrence The State of Occurrence shall institute an investigation into the circumstances of the accident and be responsible for the conduct of the investigation, but it may delegate the whole or any part of the conducting of such investigation to another State by mutual arrangement and

Paris Peace Conference

The 1900’s were a very eventful era with many new innovations and inventions, some deadly and some beneficial. A crucial event during this time period was the Paris Peace conference in 1919. The need for this conference was caused by World War I and the big three (Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd-George and Georges Clemencueau). The Paris Peace Conference had many outcomes such as the Treaty of Versailles, the formation of the League of Nations, L’ Organisation de la Paix (1921-27) and the Dawes plan. World War I commenced after the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand in Serbia.The Black Hand Gang were Bosnian terrorists who were behind the assassination. Their motive was to protest again the seizure of their own country by Austria-Hungary. After Franz Ferdinand and his wife had been killed Austria-Hungary announced war. The alliance system at the time was intricate between all of the European Nations. Russia was allies with Serbia and France an d Britain were allies with Russia so they declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany who were allies. The empires overseas colonies then joined in the war. The technology in World War I was highly advanced during this time period.Many inventions such as the Fokker, U boat, tanks, personal weapons, grenades, gas and trenches created horrific violence and death for both sides. Trenches destroyed French land. Germany created the Fokker, an aircraft that was priceless and The U boat, which was a submarine, a very clever and sneaky innovation. Tanks provided more force on the ground. The effects of ‘modern war’ were physically and emotionally damaging to the men fighting for their country and their families at home. Since personal weapons and gas had been created there was no need to fight face to face with the opposite side.Men were made to feel like hardware, and small mechanism on the big scale of war, as though they were disposable. This was also mentally damaging. Arti st Otto Dix shows this, portraying men as half robot half men as though war had changed them forever, physically and emotionally. People wanted peace and serenity in their lives. After Germany surrender in November on the 11th, 1918 the Paris Peace Conference materialized. During the war the German government was running on the emperor system however they changed their government structure to a democracy system.Germany thought that this would minimise their punishment after signing the peace treaty however, they were very wrong. Twenty-one countries attended the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919. Germany was not invited to attend. The big Three, USA (President Woodrow Wilson), Britain (Prime Minister David Lloyd-George) and France (Premier Georges â€Å"Tiger† Clemenceau) were all major influences. They all wanted to protect and look out for their own countries and all wanted different outcomes of the Paris Peace Conference.Woodrow Wilson was the President of the USA dur ing the time of the Treaty Versailles. He thought that the punishments being laid upon Germany were too harsh and opted for a softer punishment. He incorporated his 14 point plan into the treaty and believed there should be â€Å"peace without victors or vanquished†. He wanted the end of old empires and arranged for new countries to be formed such as Poland, Czechoslovakia and Finland. He thought that if the treaty was not so harsh Germany would not start another war again in order for revenge.David Lloyd George was the Prime Minister of Britain during this time. Britain was never invaded by Germany but many British soldiers fought and died on the front line. Many British people wanted revenge so David supported harsh penalties but not to the same extent as France. He wanted to â€Å"squeeze Germany until their pips squeak† but privately wanted to be soft; he didn’t think harsh measures were fair. He wanted to ensure that France did not become too powerful in Eu rope and wanted the German economy to remain strong to balance the power of Europe.He was worried about Wilson’s 14 point plan for â€Å"self determination†, offering colonies the right to their own say in their future, he wanted to preserve their Empire. Georges Clemenceau or â€Å"tiger† as he was otherwise known, had been defeated by Germany in both WW1 and the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71. He wanted to ensure security from another invasion and partly wanted revenge for being humiliated and defeated. Much of WW1 had been fought on French soil, which led to huge damage to historic and important buildings and resources. France shared a Border with Germany so Georges wanted punishment to be harsh and make Germany weak.He wanted Germany to pay for all the destruction they had caused. He demanded harsh penalties for Germany so France would be protected. The consequences of the Paris Peace Conference were extensive and vast. It created treaties, alliances, groups and rules that otherwise would not of been formed if the Paris Peace Conference had not existed. The Treaty of Versailles was the first outcome of the Conference. This treaty affected Germany mainly however they were not allowed to negotiate the treaty with the big three, they we arguably forced into it.If Germany did not sign then war would resume. The treaty aimed to weaken Germany by reducing their Territory, reducing their military, weakening their economy and shaming them through a war guilt clause (article 231). Their military was reduced to 100 000 soldiers in the army and the navy and air force were terminated. Germany caused a lot of damage to France during war and was set to pay reparations. This also weakened their economy so that they could not afford to start another war. Their territory was reduced by 13. % and they lost all their overseas colonies Germany was furious at this treaty but they had no choice but to sign. The next day the newspaper headlines read; â€Å" vengeance German Nation! † The next consequence of the Paris Peace Conference was the Dawes plan. Germany was struggling to pay France and Britain the war reparations and without the money France and Britain could not pay the USA their war debts. So Dawes and politician created the Dawes plan, which, was a money go round plan. The USA would lend money to Germany to pay France and Britain reparations and then France and Britain could pay the USA.This was called ‘artificial prosperity’, because the peace or the prosperity relied on the US economy and when the stock market crashed in 1929 it sent the countries relying on the USA into deep economic depression. After the Paris Peace Conference the League of Nations was formed. This was a part of Wilson’s 14-point plan for peace. It was the creation of an international body that looked after itself and international issues. The proposal was a ‘league of nations’ that would reject war as a means of so lving disputes, instead relying on diplomacy and negotiation. The U. S government did not support their president and refused to join the league even though it was his idea. They believed in ‘isolationism’ and wanted nothing to do with the European issues. This caused problems because the USA was superpower. Germany and Russia were also not invited to join and they were communist. L’ organisation de la Paix was the French security measure. The French were not prepared to rest on ideals for their defence. They refused to disarm (an idea for the league of nations for peace) and set about building up a set of military alliances to surround Germany.The French were worried that if Germany became strong again that they would attack. They also built a physical barrier between themselves and Germany called the Maginot line, in 1927. By 1926 Germany was invited to join the League of Nations. The conference created at decade of peace through Europe. However, after the stoc k market had crashed (which resulted in the world entering depression) the political party the Nazis overtook Germany and showed their hatred toward the treaty of Versailles and The League of Nations which resulted in world war II.

Italian Vowels - Pronunciation Examples

Italian vowels ( le vocali a i u e o The approximate English equivalents are as follows: a is like a in the English word ah! Italian / Englishcasa  Ã‚  houseantipasto  Ã‚  appetizerama  Ã‚  lovesbanana  Ã‚  bananasala  Ã‚  hallPapa  Ã‚  Popefama  Ã‚  famepasta  Ã‚  pasta; dough; pastry e is sometimes like e in the English word they (without the final i glide). Italian / Englishe  Ã‚  andbeve  Ã‚  drinksme  Ã‚  mefede  Ã‚  faithvede  Ã‚  seesmele  Ã‚  applessete  Ã‚  thirstpepe  Ã‚  pepper e is sometimes like e in the word met. This is the open e. Italian / Englishà ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  islento  Ã‚  slowbene  Ã‚  wellfesta  Ã‚  party; holidaysedia  Ã‚  chairpresto  Ã‚  soonvento  Ã‚  windtà ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  tea i is like i in machine. Italian / Englishlibri  Ã‚  booksbimbi  Ã‚  childrenvini  Ã‚  winesviolini  Ã‚  violinstini  Ã‚  vatspini  Ã‚  pines o is sometimes like o in the English word oh!. Italian / Englisho  Ã‚  ordono  Ã‚  giftnome  Ã‚  namesolo  Ã‚  aloneposto  Ã‚  placetondo  Ã‚  roundvolo  Ã‚  flightmondo  Ã‚  world o is sometimes like o in or. This is the open o. Italian / Englishmoda  Ã‚  fashiontoga  Ã‚  togano  Ã‚  nooro  Ã‚  goldposta  Ã‚  mailbrodo  Ã‚  brothcosa  Ã‚  thingtrono  Ã‚  thronerosa  Ã‚  roseolio  Ã‚  oil u is like u in rule. Italian / Englishluna  Ã‚  moonfungo  Ã‚  mushroomuno  Ã‚  onelungo  Ã‚  longfuga  Ã‚  fuguemulo  Ã‚  muleuso  Ã‚  usetubo  Ã‚  tube

GAP Inc. Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1572 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? GAP INC. ANALYSIS GAP, Inc. is a worldwide retail company that operates as apparel in providing accessories, personal care products for men, women and children under its brands; Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Piperlime, Athleta and Intermix brands. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "GAP Inc. Analysis" essay for you Create order The company also provides maternity apparel, sports and fitness accessories as well as casual wear and luxury products(Businessweek.com, 2014). It was founded in 1969 by Donald and Doris Fisher. This was because; Donald could not find a fitting pair of jeans. Therefore, Fisher decided that she rather sell jeans instead of buying them. From then on, the GAP retail saw its growth, expansion as well as global dominance(Farfan, 2013). From this, it is evident that the main goal and purpose of the company is to provide products that are in line with the tastes and preferences of its customers. In between the years 2004 and 2011, the company lost focus of its main goal and focused more on its financial goals which led to the down fall of the company. This was characterized by the decline in stock prices, negative profit margins and fall in its popularity. After identification of how it had lost focus from its goals, the company has since made a tremendous improvement by shifting its focus from financial to customer based satisfaction, which has seen it come back to the top again. Currently, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s net sales have increased by 10% to $1.33 billion against $1.21 billion last year. The company whose headquarters is in San Francisco, California, has also seen the introduction of a new member to its management team. Marissa Webb has been announced by the Banana Republic, as the Creative Director and Executive Vice President of Design which was effective from April 28, 2014(Businessweek.com, 2014).The company operates 3,100 stores as well as 350 franchise stores in 90 countries. Through company-operated stores, franchise stores, e-commerce sites and catalogs, the company is able to provide its products to millions of people worldwide. Swot Analysis Goals and objectives- this companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main goal is to satisfy the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tastes and preferences. Therefore, this forces the company to keep up with current trends in the society making this its main objective. For instance, since the company retails clothes as one of its products, the company has to provide clothes that are in line with the current fashion trend. Strengths- global brand recognition due to its worldwide based company-operated stores as well as franchise stores. Also provision of its multiple brands such as Gap, old navy, banana republic, piperlime and athleta have seen the popularity of the company grow and expanded the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s customer and vendor base. Weaknesses- for a large company as GAP, the main weakness that it faces would have to be control of the company since its vast expansion has led to the emergence of various branches across the world. Therefore, it becomes difficult for management to manage the branches. Opportunities- the company has different individuals working for it who can help the company keep in line with the current emerging trends. Also the introduction of e-commerce services in the company helps boost total sales of the company due to the introduction of web based stores. Threats- a big company such as GAP faces many threats in its day to day operations. Some of these challenges include; Keeping up with current emerging trends is difficult due to changes in customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tastes and preferences as well as emerging trends in fashion. The company has grown to a level where it is difficult for top managers to control the various branches as well as departments of the company which are based worldwide. Implementation of new and creative ideas is slow due to the huge size of the company. Emergence of highly competitive apparel retail industries such as Abercrombie and Fitch. Gap analysis of Gap Inc. Measure of potential and actual performance of a company or the measure of optimum allocation of inputs compared to the current allocation is what is referred to as gap analysis (Jennings, 2000). Gap Inc. is one of the major international retail companies that face many challenges in order to remain at the top in the retail industry. In spite of efforts put in by management as well as staff members to achieve this objective, the company has gaps within its system that slow down implementation of measures to realize this objective. Some of these gaps include; Opening of new stores in Europe and China. The company has plans in opening outlet stores in Asia and Europe. Plans are underway to open its first store in Italy and China. This is an opportunity for the expansion of its huge customer and vendor base but it is as well a gap since Asia and Europe are regions with different cultures and beliefs from those of America. Therefore, in order for employees to come into terms with the conditions for working within the Gap Inc. rules and regulations, they will require training (Marston Modarres, 2002). Communication between the employees and management as well as between the company and its customers. The employees require communication training to improve their communication skills. This will help them to have better relations with senior most managers as well as amongst themselves such that in case of emergency or new lucrative ideas, immediate action is taken. This will also improve and make delivery of customer care services more efficient. Over reliance on third party vendors. Most of the merchandise is dependent on third parties outside the US. This causes delay in supplies, shortage of products as well as increase in costs such as production costs, storage costs and supply costs. These third party vendors require training to enable them have the ability to forecast the amount of merchandise they require for a certain period to avoid miscellaneous cost associated with shipment and storage. Keeping up with trends in the market is difficult and this is seen during the downfall of the company between the years 2004 and 2011. At the time it was declared that the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s merchandise was not appealing to ladies. In order to keep up with emerging trends, the company can go into partnership with an art school and promote some of the products from the school under its brands. This encourages emergence of new products and the company could get new talented designers. Training Needs Assessment Due to the huge size of the company, for the needs assessment the best methods to use would be the use of interviews and questionnaires. This is because, not all employees or managers can be interviewed hence holding interviews with different branch managers would be appropriate. The interviews would be effective through the use of video calling via the internet to be able to interview branch managers from the different branches worldwide. The use of the questionnaire would be most appropriate to send to customers especially those using the online based stores. For those going to the actual stores could be provided with the questionnaire during purchase of the merchandise or alternatively they could be given a website link where they could rate the performance and services offered by the company (Royse, 2009). For the interview, questions asked are about; What they think about how competitors run their companies Their current sales strategies Their management practices in terms of communication with the employees, retailers as well as customers What are the challenges they are facing What ought to be done for the company to keep in line with emerging trends. For the questionnaire, the customers are required to rate the company on the following; The efficiency of the customer care services provided Response of the company to issues that arise in case a customer has an issue with the product purchased For those using online based stores, how efficient are the delivery services of the company after making of an order. Is the customer satisfied with the quality of the products offered by the various brands of the company Comments on what needs to be implemented or avoided by the company. The efficiency of this needs assessment would be realized if the results are taken into consideration and the changes and implementations made with immediate effect. This will help the company increase efficiency of the services they offer as well as help them keep in line with the emerging trends. Conclusion The training program that would be recommended for this company would be team building. This is because, team building brings together employees to work as a unit and also enhances communication amongst the employees. It also helps employees as well as management settle feuds among them. Also a customer service training would be required to improve efficiency of customer care service delivery. References Businessweek.com,. (2014). GAP INC/THE (GAP:German Stock Exchange): Stock Quote Company Profile Businessweek. Retrieved 14 May 2014, from https://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=GAP:GR Farfan, B. (2013). Behind Gap Inc. Earnings Report and Performance Success How Glenn Murphy Led The Gap From Big Store Closings Back to Retail Relevance In Two Years (GPS, JCP, SHLD, RSH).About.com Retail Industry. Retrieved 14 May 2014, from https://retailindustry.about.com/b/2013/08/22/behind-gap-inc-earnings-report-and-performance-success-how-glenn-murphy-led-the-gap-from-big-store-closings-back-to-retail-relevance-in-two-years-gps-jcp-shld-rsh.htm Jennings, M. (2000). Gap analysis: concepts, methods, and recent results*.Landscape Ecology,15(1), 520. Marston, S., Modarres, A. (2002). Flexible retailing: Gap Inc. and the multiple spaces of shopping in the United States.Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie,93(1), 8399. Royse, D. (2009).Needs assessment(1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.